Financial Ratios & Metrics

I want to be upfront about something: I do not use the Piotroski F-Score as a primary stock screen most of the time. That might surprise you, given how much ink gets spilled on Piotroski scores in value investing circles. But my process is different: I use it as a confirmation tool, not a discovery […]

I have looked at thousands of stocks over the past two-plus decades. For a long stretch of that time, I was doing it wrong. i ended up drowning in spreadsheets, chasing precision at the cost of judgment, and convincing myself that more data equaled better decisions. It didn’t. What I eventually learned is that a

Intrinsic value is the cornerstone of everything I do as a value investor. It is the number I am trying to approximate, not predict with false precision, but approximate well enough to know whether the current market price offers a meaningful discount. Get that wrong, and the rest of your analysis is window dressing. The

When I look at a balance sheet, I am always interested in a business’ ability to pay its obligations. All companies will go through rough patches over their lifetimes. In as much as we want the business to grow and prosper, and the company to invest in its growth, if the balance sheet is not

In value investing, we spend a great deal of time looking at valuations, moats, and financial statements to uncover opportunities the market has missed. But while many investors focus on P/E ratios or book value discounts, there’s another class of indicators that often go underappreciated: signals that expose the true operating health of a business.

As a long term investor, you know that that some numbers are more important than others to find out which company deserves your investment dollars. Profitability Ratios tell you whether the business is running efficiently and creating value for the shareholders, or is eroding value over time investing in bad projects one after another. Earnings

When you invest in small caps, you often buy uncertainty at a discount. These companies can be temporarily out of favor, misunderstood, or just plain ignored by the broader market. That’s the opportunity. But it’s also the risk because the waiting game can be long. Value can take months, sometimes years, to surface. And if

You Can’t Rely on Earnings, But You Can Trust the Cash You know the game. A company hits the earnings estimate, maybe even beats it by a penny, and the stock pops. But what if that “beat” was a mirage, puffed up by accruals, non-cash adjustments, or accounting gimmicks? As a long-term investor, you can’t

Don’t get fooled by a low P/E ratio. Learn how to evaluate this popular metric the right way—and spot true value before the market catches on. The Most Misunderstood Number in Finance You hear it all the time: “That stock has a low P/E, it must be cheap.” Or worse—”The P/E is high, so it’s

You’ve probably looked at a company’s book value and thought, “This stock is cheap.” But hold on. That number on the balance sheet doesn’t always mean what you think it means. For value investors, book value is a starting point, not the finish line. It can offer a clue to undervaluation, but only if you